Measuring Viscosity :: Papers

Measuring Viscosity Aim - to determine how the mass of Corn flour added to 100ml of water affects the viscosity (gooeyness) of the final mixture. Background - Corn flour, when added to water increases its gooeyness of viscosity. Although this value cannot be actually measured, a person can determine a rough value of its viscosity by recording how long an amount of the mixture takes to flow from one receptacle to another. The longer it takes to flow, the more viscous the mixture. The solution which is created from mixing cornflour with water is a gel. The flour forms a suspension in the water. Gels are created by mixing liquid and solids together to form a jelly-like mixture. A gel is a semi-solid which can move around, but not as freely as a liquid. Within a gel, the solid makes a kind of network which traps the liquid and makes it unable to flow as freely as before. Hypothesis - I predict that the higher the mass of Corn flour used, the more viscous the mixture will be because the solution which is created from mixing cornflour with water is a gel. The flour forms a suspension in the water. Gels are created by mixing liquid and solids together to form a jelly-like mixture. A gel is a semi-solid which can move around, but not as freely as a liquid. Within a gel, the solid makes a kind of network which traps the liquid and makes it unable to flow as freely as before. Variables Independent Variables Dependent Variables Temperature Temperature of water Stirring Size of containers Angle to pour liquid at Mass of Corn flour Viscosity of mixture Method 1. Pour 100ml of water (at room temp.) into a 140ml beaker 2. Add 15g of Cornflour to this water, and stir 30 times (1 time is one revolution around the beaker) 3. Have ready a retort stand with clamps and another beaker or

Comparitive Essay Between “Millions” and “Slumdog Millionaire” by Danny Boyle Essay

In both ‘Slumdog millionaire’ and ‘Millions’, the director Danny Boyle explores the subject of brotherhood. Furthermore, in both films, Boyle makes the same suggestion that the strength of brotherhood bonds is tested when circumstances change to increase pressure in the relationship. In both films, this theme is explored through the development of the characters in the opening scenes, the rising action and the climax. In the film ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ we are taken to the city of modern Mumbai and into the life of a man named Jamal Malik as he attempts to win the TV game show ‘who wants to be a millionaire’ in order to reunite with his long-lost childhood sweetheart, Latika. The film ‘Millions’, also from Boyle, tells us the tale of how the brothers Damian and Anthony react when a duffle bag filled with millions of soon-to-expire British pounds fall from the sky near their house. In the opening scenes of ‘Millions’, Boyle leads into the theme of brotherhood by introducing us to the characters Damian and Anthony through the use of camera work. The film begins with a montage of many different camera shots cut together to show a bicycle race between the brothers from a train station, to the construction site where the foundations of their new house are being laid. This has the effect of showing the audience that the brothers have a strong and positive relationship, as they are appearing to enjoy themselves in each other’s company. This introductory montage ends with a high angle shot of Damian and Anthony lying on the ground close next to each other after the race, looking happy and smiling. This, combined with the montage, has the effect of leading the audience to believe that the brothers enjoy each other’s company all the time – whether they are playing, competing or in this case relaxing. Through these techniques the audience is shown the strong brotherhood bond between Damian and Anthony before circumstances change or pressure is added to the relationship. Similarly, in the opening scenes of the film â€Å"Slumdog millionaire† Boyle also introduces us to the subject of brotherhood, and the bond between Jamal and Salim Malik, again through the use of camera work. In the early scenes of the film, a Montage of different shots is used to show the brothers running away from guards on an airstrip, after being caught playing cricket with some other kids from their slum. Throughout the chase, the brothers stick together. This has the effect of introducing us to the characters of Salim and Jamal, as well as making us aware of their friendship and brotherhood. Early on in this montage, a Medium Close Up shot is included, showing Jamal and Salim smiling and high-fiving whilst running away from the guards. This montage has the effect of leading the audience to believe that the brotherhood bond between Salim and Jamal is very strong, as they stick together even in the face of danger, in this case being caught by the guards. Both the Montage and the Medium Close Up shot address the subject of brotherhood, and show us the strength of the bond between Jamal and Salim before circumstances change to increase pressure in their relationship. In the rising action of ‘Millions’ the strength of the brotherhood bond between Anthony and Damian is tested when they disagree about how the money should be used. Boyle again conveys this changing dynamic of the boys’ relationship through the use of dialogue, editing and camera work. Shortly after the money is discovered, Damian and Anthony are in town when Damian sees a woman selling copies of the Big Issue. â€Å"Big Issue anyone? † she says, to which Damian replies â€Å"Here, and keep the change. † She responds â€Å"Thanks mate. I’ve had nothing to eat all day! † to which Damian replies, â€Å"We’re going to Pizza hut. Want to come? † At which point Anthony overhears the conversation and interjects â€Å"No! No she doesn’t, she just wants more money! We haven’t got any more! † Ignoring Anthony, the lady replies, â€Å"I’d fancy Pizza actually. Can I bring my friend? † to which Damian nods. Boyle uses this brief interchange to effectively portray the different views of Damian and Anthony. Damian is shown to be more than willing to help the hungry woman by buying her food, and doesn’t hesitate when she asks to bring a friend, even though it will double the cost. Contrastingly Anthony lies that they â€Å"haven’t got any more to try and avoid what he sees as a waste of money. Soon afterwards in the film, a wide shot is used to show the brothers as they leave for school. In the shot, Damian is in the background, on foot, shutting and locking their door whilst Anthony, wearing sunglasses is framed leaving with an entourage of other kids from school, riding on a bike someone else is pedaling for him. This shot has the effect of symbolizing the two different stances the brothers have taken with the money. Damian has decided to continue his life as if the money had never been discovered, whereas Anthony has decided to use the money for his own selfish purposes. Both the wide shot and the dialogue symbolize two instances in which the brothers disagree about what they should do with the money. Anthony wants to save the money unless it is being spent on him, whereas Damian has the exact opposite goal. Their different ideals combined with the change in circumstance – the discovery of the money – have increased the tension in their relationship and is testing their brotherhood bond. Similarly, the brotherhood bond between Jamal and Salim is tested in the rising action of ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ when and Salim repeatedly betrays Jamal. Boyle reveals this development of the Malik brothers’ relationship through the use of dialogue. Jamal and Salim have a scam, in which Jamal occupies the long drop for as long as possible, so people pay Salim to get him to come out. Jamal takes to long getting out, and a potential customer leaves. Salim then says to Jamal â€Å"You just lost me a bloody customer†. Jamal is unconcerned, and doesn’t say anything. A nameless character then shouts â€Å"Amitabh’s helicopter! That’s Amitabh’s helicopter! † Jamal then exclaims â€Å"Amitabh? Amitabh Bachan! Salim places a chair beneath the bathroom’s handle so that Jamal can’t get out. Jamal then yells â€Å"Salim, open it! † We can tell by the way Jamal said Amitabh’s name that he admires him. Salim would have known this, and so to lock him in the toilet when he will probably never have the chance to see Amitabh again is very cruel. As it turns out, Jamal wants t o see Amitabh so badly he jumps through the long drop floor and emerges covered in sewerage. He then runs up to Amitabh and manages to get his autograph. Later, Salim sells the autograph. When Jamal finds out, he exclaims, â€Å"That was my autograph! Amitabh gave it to me! I’ll never get another! † To which Salim replies â€Å"He offered a good price, so I sold it! † As Salim walks away, Jamal says, almost to himself â€Å"But it was mine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This, again, shows that Salim has very little empathy for his brother, and Jamal was also very upset about what Salim had done. Both these examples of dialogue have the effect of allowing the audience to see that Salim has betrayed Jamal, not once, but twice. The Malik boy’s brotherhood bond is being tested due to this is the change in circumstance. In the resolution of ‘Millions’ Damian and Anthony manage to overcome the obstacles and regain their brotherhood bond. Damian decided to burn all the money, and after he has set it on fire, he sees his dead mother. He has a brief talk to her, and then Anthony comes out to join him. Damian says to Anthony â€Å"She said to tell you not to worry, everything’s going to be all right. † By passing on this message to his brother, it shows that Damian himself agrees with it. Shortly later, a wide shot is used, showing the family crawling through the box tunnel to Damian’s fort. The fort was a very special place to Damian, therefore because he is allowing Anthony inside, it can be concluded that Damian has forgiven Anthony. The effect of the both dialogue and the wide angle shot is to again address the subject of Brotherhood, and to show the audience the brotherhood bond between Damian and Anthony was strong enough that when the circumstances changed for the better – the removal of the money – they managed to regain their previous relationship. Contrastingly, in the rising action of Slumdog Millionaire, Salim and Jamal have a fight, causing the dissolution of their brotherhood bond. After escaping from Maman, Salim has had too much to drink and wants to ‘have his way’ with Latika, so he tells Jamal to leave. When Jamal objects, he retorts, â€Å"I am the elder. I am the boss. For once, you do as I say† After throwing Jamal outside the apartment, Jamal starts banging on the door. Salim opens it, and points a revolver at Jamal’s head, and says â€Å"Shut up! The man with the colt 45 says shut up! Go now, or gun master Jinan will shoot you right between the eyes. Don’t think he wont. The effect of both of these examples of dialogue is to emphasize to the audience that Salim is more interested in his own desires than that of his brother, whom he knows loves Latika. From Jamal’s point of view this is the final straw, and it seems impossible for the brotherhood bond to return to what it was. In conclusion, Danny Boyle explores the subject of brotherhood and makes the suggestion that the strength of brotherhood bonds is tested when circumstances change to increase pressure in the relationship with both Salim and Jamal Malik in ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ and Anthony and Damian in ‘Millions’. In some ways, the films are similar, as the brotherhood bond between the two main protagonists is strong at the start, and is tested in the rising action. The films are different, however, because Anthony and Damian manage to recover their bond in the resolution, whereas Jamal and Salim do not. Boyle’s comments on each of the films are very interesting, and it was impressive to see such varied adaptations of the theme of brotherhood and the different outcomes of each.

Is The Presence Of Religion Within The Context Of...

Researched Argument 2.2 In a person’s lifetime, there are many things that will be experienced and encountered; two things that will more than likely be experienced and encountered by nearly everyone are religion, and marriage. Whether a person is religious at all, or if they choose to be married, they will absolutely encounter these things in some capacity in today’s society, whether they themselves partake or not. Though the question is, should the two be intermingled? Is there a place for religion in marriage? Some will argue that religion holds no place in marriage; others will say that religion adds key things to a marriage relationship. This paper will attempt to answer the question, â€Å"is the presence of religion in the context of marriage? The purpose of this researched argument is to make claims that regular involvement in religious activity increases the overall health and longevity of marriage, and to encourage married, couples to be active in their faith . Religion promotes fidelity. First and foremost, religion’s involvement in marriage promotes fidelity. The idea of a coventental promise, that marriage and sex are intended to be between two people exclusively, is so deeply ingrained in religion, that it is impossible to ignore. Some could even argue that this truth; that sexual exclusivity in marriage, is a non negotiable core principal in religion’s definition of marriage. In an article by Goodman, a leading researcher in the study of religion in the contextShow MoreRelatedReligion in James Joyces Dubliners Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesReligion in James Joyces Dubliners Religion was an integral part of Ireland during the modernist period, tightly woven into the social fabric of its citizens. The Catholic Church was a longstandingRead MoreNo Cringe At The Third World Thought Of Arranged Marriages1353 Words   |  6 Pagesat the third world thought of arranged marriage. 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Brontà « wrote the novel in a time where radical feminist Protestantism was increasingly explored, and Griesinger’s overarching view is that Brontà « intended to illustrate that women of faith, like Jane, â€Å"are not disempowered but find strengt h to obey God even if it means going against social andRead MoreThe Holy Of Marriage : The Sacrament Of Matrimony1284 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of matrimony, why marriage is considered a sacrament, suggestions for future development as well as why this sacrament was chosen. Before we can begin to understand matrimony as a sacrament we must first understand its history and what the sacrament of marriage is meant to represent. Matrimony was not always considered a sacrament; in fact there was a time when marriage was considered a contract rather than a covenant in many cultures. 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C for Beginners - Learn About C

C is a general purpose programming language invented in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. It is similar to C, invented in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, but is a safer language than C and includes modern programming techniques such as object-oriented programming. You can read more about object-oriented programming. C was originally called C with Classes and is so compatible with C that it will probably compile more than 99% of C programs without changing a line of source code. This was a deliberate design feature by the designer. Here are a short overview and history of C. The purpose of C is to precisely define a series of operations that a computer can perform to accomplish a task. Most of these operations involve manipulating numbers and text, but anything that the computer can physically do can be programmed in C. Computers have no intelligence- they have to be told exactly what to do and this is defined by the programming language you use. Once programmed they can repeat the steps as many times as you wish at very high speed. Modern PCs are so fast they can count to a billion in a second or two. What Can a C Program Do? Typical programming tasks include  putting data into a database or pulling it out, displaying high-speed graphics in a game or video, controlling electronic devices attached to the PC or even playing music and/or sound effects. You can even write software to generate music or help you compose. Is C the Best Programming Language? Some computer languages were written for a specific purpose. Java was originally devised to control toasters, C for programming Operating Systems, Pascal to teach good programming techniques but C is a general purpose language and well deserves the Swiss Pocket Knife of Languages nickname. Some tasks can be done in C but not very easily, for example designing GUI screens for applications. Other languages like Visual Basic, Delphi and more recently C# have GUI design elements built into them and so are better suited for this type of task. Also, some scripting languages that provide extra programmability to applications like MS Word and even Photoshop tend to be done in variants of Basic, not C. You can find out more about the other computer languages and how they stack up against C. Which Computers Have C? This is better stated as which computers dont have C! The answer- almost none, it is so widespread. It is a nearly universal programming language and can be found on most microcomputers all the way up to big computers costing millions of dollars. There are C compilers for just about every type of operating system.   How Do I Get Started With C? First, you need a C compiler. There are many commercial and free ones available. The list below has instructions for downloading and installing each of the compilers. All three are completely free and include an IDE to make life easier for you to edit, compile and debug your applications. Download and Install Borlands Turbo C ExplorerDownload and Install Microsofts Visual C 2005 Express EditionDownload and Install Open Watcom C/C Compiler The instructions also show you how to enter and compile your first C application. How Do I Begin Writing C Applications? C is written using a text editor. This can be notepad or an IDE like those supplied with the three compilers listed above. You write a computer program as a series of instructions (called statements) in a notation that looks a little like mathematical formulas. This is saved out in a text file and then compiled and linked to generate machine code which you then can run. Every application you use on a computer will have been written and compiled like this, and many of them will be written in C. Read more about compilers and how they work. You cant usually get hold of the original source code unless it was open source. Is There Plenty of C Open Source? Because it is so widespread, much open source software has been written in C. Unlike commercial applications, where the source code is owned by a business and never made available, open-source code can be viewed and used by anyone. Its an excellent way to learn coding techniques.   Could I Get a Programming Job? Certainly. There are many C jobs out there and an immense body of code exists that will need updating, maintaining and occasionally rewriting. The top three most popular programming languages according to the quarterly Tiobe.com survey, are Java, C, and C. You could write your own games but youll need to be artistic or have an artist friend. Youll also need music and sound effects. Find out more about game development. Perhaps a professional 9-5 career would suit you better- read about a professional career or perhaps consider entering the world of software engineering writing software to control nuclear reactors, aircraft, space rockets or for other safety-critical areas. What Tools and Utilities Are There? Well if you cant find what you want, you could always write it. That is how most of the tools around came into existence.

The Foundations Of American Politics - 1848 Words

Forrest McMurray PSC 3723 Foundations of American Politics Professor Peters â€Å"I certify that this paper is an original paper composed by me for this course. It has not been copied or closely paraphrased from any other source or set of sources, and has not been submitted as a whole, or in part, for any credit in any other course at OU or any other educational institution by me or anyone else. I have attributed all sources by proper citations and all sources have been included in my bibliography.† If Majorities Were Angels Reason Would Rule How should we understand James Madison’s political thought? Two books, Madison’s Metronome by Greg Weiner and If Men Were Angels by Richard Matthew, offer perspectives on the â€Å"real† Madisonian†¦show more content†¦The philosophies of Madison can be arguably split up into two different segments. First, Madison is portrayed as a founding father who ties strong commitments to the individual’s liberty and property rights and how they are fundamental to his idea of republican government. The opposite view of Madison’s philosophy is that he is a fundamental believer to the principle of majority rule as the basis of republican government. As mentioned above, this essay will focus on two authors, Richard Matthews and Gregory Weiner, as they provide detailed opinions for both views of Madisonian philosophy. Before determining the best route in understanding Madison’s political ideology, it is i mportant to point out the viewpoints of the two authors. Richard Matthews argues that Madison is a â€Å"constant liberal prince† who’s committed to the individual liberty and property rights; whereas Gregory Weiner argues the latter, that Madison stands firmly in the thought that the principles of majority rule is the foundation of his version of republican government. Although these two authors disagree on the majority of principles Madison spoke on, they stand united on one Madisonian idea, the idea that Madison wanted reason to always triumph passion. Throughout Madison’s lifetime of papers, essays, letters, and personal notes, one thing has

To what extent was Roosevelt’s New Deal the reason why America was able to overcome the great depression Free Essays

Even today, almost 70 years after Roosevelt introduced his New Deal the question of whether or not it was a success is still unanswered. â€Å"This nation asks for action and action now†¦. we must act, and act quickly† 1 Roosevelt came to his position as president at a time of crisis and had promised a ‘New Deal’ for the American people which would help America rebuild herself after the great depression. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Roosevelt’s New Deal the reason why America was able to overcome the great depression? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roosevelt wanted to revive the economy and provide support for those who had been hit the hardest by the depression. He promised to end prohibition, cut unemployment by creating new jobs for people and help the industries; businesses and farms recover from the depression2 The Roaring Twenties From America the 1920’s were an era of prosperity. America had wanted isolation from the rest of the world so tariffs had been introduced on all imported goods, which would have encouraged Americans to buy US goods. American would then be able to supply itself and consequently reduce overseas competition. This demand for goods led to a period of mass production. The First World War had provided an opportunity for American companies to make large profits by selling weapons to America’s allies whose industrial production was comprised by their war economies. Also during WW1 France and Britain had relied on America to loan them money to fund the manufacture of their weapons to enable them to keep fighting the opposition in the war, these loans were still being paid off well after the war had ended. 3 The Fragility of the Boom However this affluence could not last for ever, America was over producing which meant that the market would soon become saturated. Industries had produced thousands of goods but the demand was no longer there, as those who could afford the goods already owned them so consumption began to decline. The market for goods was also reduced due to the economical divide; America had been split into two halves; on one side the wealthy and on the other poverty stricken farmers and blacks that were working, so socialists would argue, so that the rich could indulge in luxuries. Mass production contributed greatly to the downfall of the country, as it was not equally matched by mass consumption, which is a major factor in what caused the Wall Street crash of 1929. 4 â€Å"Billions of dollars’ worth of profits- and paper profits- had disappeared. The grocer, the window cleaner and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt†5 The end of an era Although some experts had predicted the economical crash, the majority of people believed that the USA was so wealthy and so powerful that the boom would never end. Share prices had soared and people were encouraged to go on buying on credit. Hire purchase was so easily obtainable that few people realised that it was very dangerous to go selling on credit, as eventually people would not be able to make the repayments. Due to overproduction the market was gutted, and companies were going ‘bust’. The market could be ‘played’ by anyone, from a baker to a postman; they didn’t need any experience. When it was realised that the stocks and shares were not doing as well as previous years, despite warnings from experts that they would improve, there was a massive loss in confidence and a mass panic. People became unsure of their investments and wanted to retrieve their shares. Panic stricken people were selling their stocks for a great deal less than what they were actually worth, prices plummeted and on October 24th 1929prices crashed. Over 13 million shares were sold and a further 500,000 on 29th October. Shares dramatically lost value, ‘Electric bond and Share’ shares had fallen from $186 to $50 in just 2 months6; many had lost all that they had invested. 7 â€Å"The stock market was shaken to its foundations yesterday by the severest break in the history of Wall Street. The immediate cause of the debacle, which was entirely unexpected, was the forced liquidation of large brokerage accounts and furious bear attacks that chopped from $5,000,000,000 to $7,000,000 in values from shares. Trading on the floor of the Stock Exchange was virtually paralyzed†¦ For many people, the shock of the Wall Street crash was too much for them to take and some even committed suicide as they believed they had lost everything and would not be able to rebuild their life. The wealth and prosperity that America had gained during the ‘roaring’ twenties had not been shared equally between the American citizens, which had caused a lot of inequality, and resentment from the lower classes. As a result of this America plunged into depression, people began to realise that the economic problems would not go away unless they did something about it. Wages fell and soon people did not have enough money to feed and clothe themselves and their family, the American population was no longer self-sufficient. â€Å"I have two boys to go to work. They haven’t got any shoes, no clothes. They can’t go to look for a job because they haven’t any shoes†9 Lower annual incomes had forced wives and older children who had not previously had to work, look for jobs. 10 Banks collapsed because people withdrew all their money from banks and kept it at home. People had lost confidence in the financial system and instead of investing and spending people now began to save. 1 Roosevelt’s New Deal After the Wall Street Crash, the American people were looking for someone to pull them out of depression and so when Roosevelt offered them his New Deal they weren’t reluctant to oppose him, they saw him as their ‘saviour’12 Roosevelt promised the American public rapid action â€Å"The country needs, and unless I mistake its mood, demands bold experiments. Above all, try something†13 He knew that he had no time to waste and that the only way to relieve America from depression was to act quickly. He guaranteed that his ‘New Deal’ would revive the economy and improve the standard of living in America. 14 An important factor we have to consider when discussing the success of the New Deal is that Roosevelt was and still is an extremely popular American figure so much of the evidence that is available for us to study is biased towards him. Due to this we have to make sure we consider the reliability and consistency of the sources we are studying. Roosevelt built up an incredibly respectable and honest image of himself so most of the sources, which are available to us, are biased towards him. One of the sources that I have studied15 described the success of the TVA, however the director of the TVA wrote this source so is obviously going to be biased towards the new deal. Even though it contains facts and figures there is no way of telling if they are true. Roosevelt had the power to censor all kinds of media and also use the radio, television and newspapers as propaganda. However there was some opposition to Roosevelt although there are no sources to support their views; large businesses were not fond of Roosevelt or the New Deal as they saw it as the government interfering in things that were not their concern. Also the wealthier members of society believed that because Roosevelt was a rich man they expected him to help them but instead he raised taxes on the well off and ignored their desires. 16 The start of WW2 would have had a dramatic effect on the economy of America although people tend to forget this and suggest that the recovery of America’s financial system was initiated solely by Roosevelt’s New Deal. Reforming the financial system Roosevelt decided that his New Deal would consist of different schemes and programs, and laws (known as the alphabet laws), which would bring about economic recovery. Before Roosevelt could pass any new laws the banking emergency needed to be sorted out. On March 6th 1933 the Emergency Banking Act and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was enforced and all banks were shut down. This gave the government the opportunity to inspect the health of all banks and almost two thirds were re-opened soon after, as they were declared acceptable. The FDIC was formed by the congress to insure deposits up to $5000 and people began to put their money back into the banks and confidence gradually returned. Faith had been re-established in American banks and people were no longer scared that they would lose all of their savings in a bank failure. After the Wall Street Crash all confidence in the banks had been lost but by introducing the FDIC and the Emergency banking Act Roosevelt was able to restore this trust. â€Å"Confidence and courage are the essentials in our plan. You must have faith; you must not be stampeded by rumours. We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system; it is up to you to support and make it work. Together we cannot fail†17. The Federal Securities Act of May 1933 and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were set up to regulate the stock market and required full disclosure of information on stocks being sold. The Congress also gave the Federal Reserve board the power to regulate the purchase of stock. Modernization of American Agriculture The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) was introduced to try and raise farm prices and used proceeds from a new tax to pay farmers not to raise specific crops and animals, lower production would in turn increase prices. In May 1933 the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was established to help farmers and to create jobs in one of America’s least modernized areas. A hydroelectric power plant was reactivated and provided cheap electric power, flood control and recreational opportunities to the entire Tennessee River Valley. 18 The TVA involved ordinary people in the planning so that they would be taking part in making decisions, which affected their own future. â€Å"In ten years the dams TVA has built have made this region the second largest producer of power in the United States. In 1944 the system will produce nearly half as much electricity as the utilities of the entire country produced in 1914. â€Å"19 Between 1935 and 1943 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was set up and provided work for 8 million Americans, it decreased the rate of unemployment and the workers constructed or repaired schools, hospitals and airfields. 20 The Farm Security Administration (FSA) loaned more than $1 billion to farmers and set up camps for migrant workers. The FSA aimed to assist sharecroppers, tenant farmers and migrant labourers. One success of the FSA was that it brought the problem of poverty to national attention. Supporting the people of America The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was led by Harry Hopkins who believed that men should be put to work and not be given charity. This agency sent funds to depleting local relief agencies and also funded public work programs, within two hours $5million were given out and deteriorating relief programs were revitalized. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) gave the unemployed jobs building or repairing roads, parks, airports and other public places. This not only provided a physical boost to its 4million workers but also a psychological one. 21 Roosevelt had succeeded in creating more jobs, which helped reduce the number of unemployed, to 7. 7 million by 1937 from 12. 83 million just 4 years before. 22 The CWA and FERA also helped repair many public places, which was a beneficial, step in rebuilding America. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of June 1933 was formed to boost declining prices and to help businesses and workers. NIRA allowed trade associations in many industries to write codes regulating wages, working conditions, production and prices. If all employers in each competitive group agree-to pay their workers the same wages-reasonable wages-and require the same hours-reasonable hours-then higher wages and shorter hours will hurt no employer. Moreover, such action is better for the employer than unemployment and low wages, because it makes more buyers for his product. That is the simple idea which is the very heart of NIRA†23 The Public Works Association (PWA) was a part of the NIRA and often regarded as one of the best parts launched projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River and gave the unemployed jobs helping enforce these new programs. Roosevelt placed a lot of efforts into reducing the rate of unemployment, which is why so many of his proposals were focused around creating new jobs. The Civilian conservation Corps (CCC) was an environmental program, which positioned 2. 5million unmarried men in work, maintaining and restoring forests, beaches and parks. The workers only received $1 a day but they also got free board and job training. During 1934 and 1937 the CCC funded similar programs for over 8,500 women. These programs taught men and women to live independently and significantly increased their self-esteem. We have here one of the best [CCC] camps that could possibly be established. The country and the hills here make you think there is no such thing as a city†¦. It sure beats ‘Brother can you spare me a dime’. â€Å"24 The great depression had left many people homeless, which was why the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) was set up. It helped people keep their houses by refinancing the mor tgages of middle- income homeowners and also tried to help those without a home find suitable accommodation. During the depression many people families had been forced out of their homes because they could no longer afford to keep their houses, the HOLC can be considered as a success as the number of homeless people did decrease and the problem had been largely overcome. In 1935 the National Labour Relations Act (Wagner Act) was launched to legalise practices allowed only unevenly in the past, such as closed shops in which only union members could work. It authorized workers to form trade unions and the act also set up the National Labour Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce its provisions. The Fair Labour Standards act of 1938 was a long awaited triumph for the socialists who wanted to reform American society. The act enforces a set minimum wage and a maximum number of hours that people are allowed to work and also banned child labour. The depression had caused a lack of confidence among the people and the Social Security Act of 1935 helped millions of Americans feel more secure. It established a system that provided pensions for workers, benefits for survivors of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance and aid for mothers, children, the blind and the physically disabled. The Black community had always been severely discriminated against so Roosevelt displayed genuine sympathy for Black aspiration so to gain support from the minority groups. The National association for the advancement of coloured people (NAACP) brought an impressive number of churches, academics, labour unions and other liberal groups into the anti lynching mob. 26 In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act was passed which ended the sale of tribal lands. This act restored ownership of unallocated lands to Native American Groups, which caused a very positive outcome for Native Americans. Benefits of the New Deal Roosevelt’s New deal was considered a great success by the people of America, he had managed to convince them that it would be able to overcome the great depression and his confidence reflected upon them and everyone had great faith in his New Deal. â€Å"Nothing can stop the President’s program, nothing will even hamper the presidents program†¦ the power of this people, once aroused and united in a fixed purpose, is the most irresistible force in the world†27 On the surface it appeared that the New Deal had been a victory. It gained such dedicated support from the American public that their confidence had been fully restored. A noticeable achievement of the New Deal was the Fair Labour Standards Act, which had established a minimum wage and a maximum hours policy. President Roosevelt had carefully planned his New Deal in such a way that the problems of the depression would be overcome as soon as possible and restore America’s financial status. All of the schemes in Roosevelt’s New Deal were aimed to bring relief to as many people as it could and to bring the support quickly. One of the main reason’s why the New Deal did achieve some significant changes was that the American public was convinced that it would work and trusted Roosevelt and believed he would be able to rebuild the economy. When the Banks reopened after the Emergency banking act, many people began to reinvest their money in the reopened banks, which showed that they had confidence that there would not be another economical collapse. Opposition to the New Deal However, the New Deal was not entirely a success; it faced a lot of opposition primarily from the rich and the republicans. The republicans opposed the increase in presidential power and believed it was leading to dictatorship and critised Roosevelt for high government spending. The Supreme Court was constantly suggesting that the laws which were included in the New Deal were unconstitutional. Full employment and dramatic reductions in poverty were not achieved until 1942-43, when 13,000,000 men and women were serving in the armed forces and the United States were supplying huge amounts of war materials and food to America’s allies, which meant that America’s economic power was being restored. 28 The New Deal failed to promote real economic recovery and it had taken massive government borrowing, investment and spending to end the depression. Despite Roosevelt’s numerous attempts to restore America’s economy with the NRA and the AAA the New Deal never completely succeeded in overcoming the economical problems caused by the depression. The National Industrial Recovery Act stopped the tailspin of prices for a short while although as wages rose so did prices and consumers began to buy fewer goods. The Continuous cycle of overproduction and under consumption put business back into a slump. Some businesses felt that the codes enforced by the NIRA were too complicated and difficult to understand and believed the act was too rigid. The Agriculture Adjustment Administration was quite a controversial program as farmers were told to kill off certain animals and destroy crops; many people could not believe that the government was condoning such horrific action when there were American people who were starving. Although the Tennessee Valley Authority had been successful in creating new jobs for hundreds of people the results were not as dramatic as the government had claimed. Only 3 out of every 100 farms had electricity and the levels of Malaria and vitamin deficiency had increased and at a dangerous level. The average wage of a farmer was 40% of the national wage and many farmers were in a great amount of debt. The TVA had been very much involved with the richer farmers who didn’t really did its help and had ignored the needs of the poorer, less fortunate farmers, â€Å"The land-grant colleges were closely tied to the interests of the richer farmers. They had little or nothing to do with the poor, mainly black tenant farmers. The services offered by the TVA-advice on new farming developments, fertilisers and marketing- were monopolised by the richer, white farmers. â€Å"29 Most of the programs and schemes which were put forward by Roosevelt had limited funds and only made slight differences to the state of America. The New Deal did not extend to all deprived Americans and excluded the minority groups. There was never a Civil Rights program, which caused massive Black demonstrations and pressurized the government to establish fair employment practises although it refused to end discrimination in the armed forces. The New Deal was an extremely difficult period of time for black families, by 1933 half of black workers were without a job and those who did have jobs were discriminated against as the National Recovery Administration had made it legal to pay white people more than the blacks. 30 Republican opponents of Roosevelt criticised the Social Security Act, as they believed that it was destroying the traditional culture of America. Many thought that the government did not have the right to intervene with people’s lives by making them pay taxes for Social Security. However contradicting to this some liberals felt that the payments should have been bigger to provide more social security to the American people. The New Deal had given assistance to those on the border of poverty like the blue collar workers and commercial farmers but had offered much less to those who were in permanent poverty. The New Deal did not succeed in lifting the nation entirely out of depression and in 1939 there were still 10 million people unemployed. 31 â€Å"Although much of the advances that were made came as a result of government spending†¦ he nation had barely reached the 1929 level of production a decade later, and there were still nearly ten million men and women unemployed. â€Å"32 Was the New Deal a success? The New Deal undoubtedly brought changes to the economy of America although there were most probably other factors, which contributed to the restoration of the American financial system. The economy of America had always previously, and still today been very unsteady, the national income is forever changing and sometimes falls and often rises. There is no proof, and we will never know whether the wealth of America would have restored itself without the help of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Also the start of the Second World War would have brought a remarkable change to the nation’s revenue. The country would have concentrated on producing military goods for their allies, which would have provided more jobs and in turn would have slowly revived America’s financial system. â€Å"During Franklin Roosevelt’s first term, the New Deal did not cure the underlying economic problems. It was the war that did that. Within a matter of months, six million workers found new jobs†33 By 1943 unemployment had been reduced to just 1. 07 million from almost 13 million at the height of the depression. 34 Without the New Deal, however, the country would still have been in a state of recession, and might have been unable to help with the war effort at all. Generally, Roosevelt’s New deal had been a success; it had brought to America a great change, which contributed greatly to the restoration of the country. Child labour was prohibited and a national wage and maximum hours legislation was established. By the time that the New Deal had ended organised labour had more imperative and influential position in American society than it had ever had before. The New Deal had to a great extent reduced the reputation and power of big businesses and put a significant number of measures to stabilise America’s economy. It had re-established the public’s assurance in society introduced new laws and schemes to help prevent a new depression. In conclusion, the extent of which Roosevelt’s New Deal was a success will forever remain unknown. President Roosevelt was a great inspiration to the American people in the 1930’s and still today is remembered as one of America’s greatest and most influential presidents. Although many may critise the New Deal and the way that Roosevelt dealt with the problems of the depression, there is no way of telling whether or not America would be the super power it is in the present day if Roosevelt hadn’t have proposed his schemes and policies which were contained in his New Deal. How to cite To what extent was Roosevelt’s New Deal the reason why America was able to overcome the great depression?, Papers

Too Much Pressure Not for Me. free essay sample

I was sweating even though it was cold. I was tense even though I was on vacation. My school work was done, so that wasn’t the problem. I was in the midst of filling my first order for Keepa Kouture, a fashion yarmulke company I co-founded with a friend, and everything seemed to be going wrong. The day had started on a much more positive note. I had been awakened by my adorable sister, who handed me a UPS package. The samples of the trendy yarmulkes I design and sell had arrived. I was overwhelmed with joy until I realized that the samples that had arrived, which were made of beautiful fabric and design, lacked the perfect workmanship that I expected. I called my partner, who was supposed to be in town to join me in presenting the samples, but he had decided to spend the day with his girlfriend. We will write a custom essay sample on Too Much Pressure? Not for Me. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the middle of that conversation I got another call from the executive editor of Modern Jeweler Magazine, where I had done a summer internship. He wanted some pictures for one of the articles I had written about a pearl company owned by my friend’s mother who was having some business challenges. I also had to make final arrangements for my visit to Boston University the next day. Too much pressure? Not for me. I shook off the cold and tension and spent the rest of the day making phone calls and sending emails, getting the details right for all of my various projects. My visit to Boston University was exhilarating and ended with a visit to the Hillel House, where an amazing business idea hit me: I would make college specific, fashionable yarmulkes to be sold to Jewish students who want to display their fashion sense and school pride. I got the jewelry pictures from my photographer to the editor, just beating the deadline. I wish I could report that I had the same amount of s uccess with my business order. Instead I opted to wait and perfect the product. Although I failed in this endeavor in the short run, I was not daunted I know that with every failure come knowledge and experience, and I would never let a bump on the road stop me. After I talked to the manufacturer and explained the deficiencies in the samples, we set up a new launch date. I now have two large orders for the merchandise that I know will please the customers. But that doesnt mean something else wont go wrong.